Review for the World That Trade Created free essay sample

In exchange courses and in any case ravenousness prompted brutality. We will compose a custom exposition test on Audit for the World That Trade Created or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This was shown through bondage, robbery, and control of ivory and opium. African subjugation started from covetousness; Europeans required work to fuel their enormous exchanging creations and assembling of the exchanged products. Micronesian subjugation and demolition was brought about by the Spanish conquistadors in their notorious mission for gold, god, and wonder. Through ravenousness the conquistadors pulverized a whole human advancement to get their gold.However the British and Dutch received numerous financial rewards of this maybe even without information on where beneficiary riches had originated from. Theft, additionally filled by voracity, started as little groups, yet in the long run changed into enormous organizations of corporate plunderers. The requesting exchange Of ivory and opium originated from voracity and fixation. They became key extravagance things for affluent Europeans, and it was the motivation for wars and brutality. Boomerang shows all through part five that avarice prompted violence.Gold, God, and Glory fueled everything in the first place. The Spanish subjugated the Aztec when they vanquished them to assist them with sugar creation rates, expanding their benefit. The Spanish additionally endeavored to transform the Aztec to Catholicism, and on the off chance that they revolted, they were constrained into bondage for the sake of God. In conclusion, they were gigantically glad since they figured out how to vanquish the Aztec, guaranteeing the land as their own while additionally starting the utilization of slavery.Slavery was likewise relevant later in history when the Dutch, looking for retribution upon the Spanish while additionally being lured by the riches sugar exchange brought, vanquished a port in Brazil, controlling the sugar exchange. Be that as it may, they needed more captives to exploit the sugar, so in spite of the fact that they contradicted it from the start, made a trip to African ports and acquired slaves by trading extravagance merchandise for human lives. In spite of the fact that the Portuguese recaptured control of the sugar creation in Brazil, the Dutch despite everything used the upsides of subjugation in Africa and the abuse of human lives that were not theirs to control.Lastly, Robinson Crusoe in the long run figured out how to desert his thoughts of independence and dismissal of extravaga nce, and went into the slave exchange, tempted by the riches it would bring him. Prior to enterprises, there were family ties. Blood was the medium that bound together the numerous organizations of the time. One case of such an Emily organization was Samuel Resellers hide exchanging house. As Rockefeller added to his organization, he additionally arranged his child Max to assume control over the organization later on. In the long run, Max would keep passing the organization to his three sons.However, by the 16005, there was an undeniable bit of leeway to utilizing enterprises to direct business. Partnerships were generic collusions that gave a legitimate and simple approach to work together on a huge ?worldwide ?scale. The primary organizations were unknown with wide appropriations of intensity and not so much important until the railroad blast in the backtalk. Be that as it may, these partnerships brought forth something helpful at that point: corporate marauders. With the measure of ocean exchange that was going on, corporate pillagers turned into the new pirates.Made of outcasts, lawbreakers, wanderers, and soldiers of fortune, corporate plunderers are alluded to as worldwide, multivalent, majority rule groups of ocean meanderers. Despite the fact that they had less respect and were more brutal than conventional privateers, corporate looters were regularly preferred according to the law, connoting governments contribution in exchange. All things considered, exchange was a productive wellspring of salary. As the eagerness and accessible riches developed, so did brutality on the oceans. The historical backdrop of exchange has shown us a thing or two about voracity, and the revulsions it can lead to.Greed for items regularly leads towards brutality. Two exceptional instances of this were the aftereffect of Great Britains covetousness for Chinese Tea, and King Loopholes want to start an ivory advertise. Snared on the imported Chinese Tea, British individuals had little to Offer consequently. Battling to discover remuneration for their required refreshment, the British found the benefits of exchanging opium for tea. Effectively alluring the Chinese with a tweet elective for pay, their insatiability for tea just grew.Becoming alright with their exchanging circumstance, the British were goaded when the Chinese endeavored to stop the Opium Trade. At last bringing about fights between the British and Chinese, (know as the Opium Wars), the British were ensured their tea, and allowed what they needed, at the expense of brutality. Ruler Leopold II, the ruler of Belgium. Having an absence of states, King Loopholes just trust in a new area would be in Africa. He started to show enthusiasm for Africa by turning into a promoter for illicit slave read and different issues in this way getting well known among the African people.Building streets, clinics, and other foundation the African populace started to procure a solid trust for him. Beginning his chance on Africa, King Leopold started to utilize African soldiers of fortune in 1 879 to control the Kong. His purposes behind this were to control a lot of land in Africa and pronounce the held onto land his property. Picking up riches from the exchanging the bounteous ivory, his avarice for land and tusks just developed. Locals were in the long run brutalized, ears and appendages were cut off of those that restricted him. In the wake of leaving heaps of dead elephants for the locals to dispose of, his troopers cruised down the Congo waterway shooting the Landau, or Mongo for sport. Lord Loopholes voracity for riches from ivory exchange carried horrendous brutality to the individuals of Africa, and caused a reduction in the elephant populace. Both the exchange of tea, and ivory caused eagerness for the individuals who wanted it, and when the danger of a stop to the exchange introduced itself, brutality was the main answer, today we can see a similar example doing as it did many years back, as voracity for oil develops.

How to Choose the Best College Paper Writing Services

How to Choose the Best College Paper Writing ServicesCollege students often seek out the best college paper writing services because they want to make sure that their paper is really the best. The quality of this paper should be a reflection of how hard you worked on your essay. This means that you have to make sure that you get this kind of paper as a present for someone special.When you are about to hand this type of paper to your recipient, you need to have a good idea of what kind of quality that you are looking for. You need to be very precise in choosing the best college paper writing services in the market. It will take a lot of time and effort in order to make sure that you know what you are getting. This is why it is important to find a service that has several years of experience in the field.When it comes to choosing a college paper writing service, you also need to find one that has some reference points when it comes to the type of school paper that they do. You have to be aware of the fact that they have lots of experience when it comes to this type of writing. In other words, they are experienced in writing for colleges. By checking their references, you can get a general idea of what type of paper that they will be giving you.When you find a paper writing service that has a long history of delivering different school papers, you should be able to see whether or not they have a high quality standard. Since you will be receiving this kind of paper as a present, you should be able to rely on the expertise of the service. You will also be able to get a sense of what kind of quality is expected of you as a writer. This is an important factor that you need to consider while choosing a service to give you a college paper writing service.When it comes to the cost of the service, you need to be careful with the type of paper that you choose. This is because you want your gift to be a decent amount. Most college paper writing services will try to charge y ou less so that they can make more money. However, this should be something that you want to keep in mind so that you are able to choose the best service that is offered to you.There are several companies that offer college paper writing services. They provide different kinds of services. Some of them can also handle academic papers. You can usually find out the types of papers that these companies can handle by reading their customer reviews online.You can also ask friends and acquaintances that have received one of these papers in order to compare the different companies that they have used. You can also ask the services that you are going to choose about their service and the quality of their papers. Remember that you are going to use this service as a present so make sure that it is a top quality one.When you have found the best paper writing service, it is very important to seal the deal in a proper manner. Before you hand over the paper, you need to be sure that it is the best one that you have chosen. Make sure that it will meet all of your requirements. You should also make sure that the person that will receive it will also be happy with it.

I cannot tell you how proud I am of who you are going to be. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

“I cannot tell you how proud I am of who you are going to be.” COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This post was originally going to be titled Spring Break, Capstone Workshops, and Rangel Fellows, but I cant top that quote from longtime congressman Charles Rangel. Now retired, he spoke to 12 SIPA Rangel Fellowship recipients last month. The  Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Graduate Fellowship Program  is a U.S. State Department initiative that encourages diversity and excellence among foreign service officers. Our alumni network of Rangel Fellows has accomplished amazing things, and we hold them in high regard. Check out the summary of the Rangel Fellowship meeting at SIPA here.  (You might recognize Kier Joy in that photo, who was featured in this video!) If youre wondering why SIPA didnt have any class visits this week, its because it was spring recess at Columbia University. Many SIPA students are using this week has an opportunity to work on their Capstone Workshops, traveling all around the world to meet with their clients. A signature of the SIPA curriculum, the Capstone Workshop has small teams of students working on essentially live consulting projects, where they apply the theory they learn in the classroom to real-world issues. Weve featured multiple capstone workshops on the blog  and cant wait to see what our current students have worked on so extensively this week. Wishing everyone a happy spring!

Industrialization in Hard Times by Charles Dickens

The industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many characters realising that a person needs more than just fact in their life. The novel examines the utilitarian system through various characters such as Tom, who has been brought†¦show more content†¦This shows that, even though Tom has been provided with what was believed to be the finest education, ad has learnt every Ology, he is still extremely selfish and uses people to his own will and benefit. Tom has turned o ut to be a very corrupt man and, being a product of the utilitarian system, Dickens uses Tom to declare that this system does not work. Dickens portrays the idea that the utilitarian system has drained all the goodness of human nature through the symbolic description of Sissy and Bitzer within Hard Times. For example, when Sissy and Bitzer are introduced to the reader, it is evident through the symbolism used that Dickens favours Sissy, of the lower class. The girl was so dark eyed and dark haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, the boy was so light eyed and light haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed (p50). This passage is significant because it reveals Dickens opinion of the utilitarian system. It is no coincident that Bitzer, the boy who was educated under the system of fact has been described as colourless while Sissy, the poor and uneducated girl, has been described as lustrous. The colour symbolises the fancy while the paleness represents the fact and through the above passage Dickens states that Bitzer is being filled with so much fact that it is draining all theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Industrialization and Utilitarianism in Dickens Hard Times1505 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrialization and Utilitarianism in Dickens Hard Times       Charles Dickens uses his fictitious town in Hard Times to represent the industrialization of England at that time or close to it. Most of this representation, however, isnt accurately described compared the way things really were during industrialization. It is important to remember throughout this paper that not only is Hard Times a work of fiction, it was meant to be a satire, a parody of ideas and ways of thinking atRead MoreEssay on Themes, Symbolism, and Atmosphere in Dickens Hard Times1376 Words   |  6 Pages When Charles Dickens was writing his commentary on a fast industrializing world, the thought that Hard Times would still be relevant over 150 years later is assumed to be far from the forefront of his mind. And yet at present, 158 years after its first publication, Charles Dickens’ tale of industrialization and its implications still holds a prominent place in today’s society. The following is one interpretation of Dickens’ story of an industrialized dystopia, and discussed are its ever-relevantRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problemsRead MoreThe Effects Of Industrialization On English Towns Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesHard Times symbolizes the negative effects of industrialization on English towns (Coketown in the story) including education. Charles Dickens was born in 1812, and was a contemporary of the Industrial Revolution. Industries were growing by leaps and bounds; bringing with it pollution, social imbalance and individual confusion. Dickens was rather poor and had no proper education. At the age of 12 he worked in Warren’s Blacking Factory attaching labels to bottles. He labored hard to educate himselfRead MoreCharles Dickens Hard Times1494 Words   |  6 Pages May 1, 2015 Mr. Johnson Literature Dickens Calls for Desperate Measures in Hard Times â€Å"I want to change the world.† How many times is that line heard from small children, aspiring to be someone who achieves their maximum potential? If a child is asked how they might go about doing so they might respond with an answer that involves a superhero or princess who helps people for the greater good. As one grows and adapts to their surrounding society, the art of seeing the big picture includingRead More Improving Society Through Individuals Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesEngland underwent a period of industrialization and urbanization, referred to as the Industrial Revolution. During this time, life became more difficult for a large majority of the citizens and hardships began to pile one on top of another. In the book Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, the lives and relationships of a range of people from this time are illustrated in order to demonstrate the nature of this society. Dickens uses the fictitious characters in Hard Times as examples of the varying degreesRead More Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens Hard Times548 Words   |  3 PagesEngland in Charles Dickens Hard Times In his novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens used his characters to describe the caste system that had been shaped by industrial England. By looking at three main characters, Stephen Blackpool, Mr. Josiah Bounderby, and Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one can see the different classes that were industrial England. Stephen Blackpool represented the most abundant and least represented caste in industrial England, the lower class (also called the hands) in Charles DickensRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution through the Eyes of Charles Dickens1149 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday activities could maximize productivity and efficiency. Charles Dickens explores the dangers of neglecting emotions and imagination in his novel Hard Times. Dickens separates Hard Times into three books: Sowing, Reaping and Garnering in order to reveal the negative consequences of industrialization and forsaking imagination for facts through the events, settings, and characters in the novel. In Book the First: Sowing, Dickens introduces the destructiveness of the wrong kind of education onRead MoreThe Great Expectations Of The Industrial Revolution1528 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernments who viewed them as having little to no civil rights outside of their parents wishes, and Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations helps bring some of these conditions to light. The times of the Industrial Revolution were the root of child labor issues. Laborers were in greater demand than ever, and not enough men or women could fill their needs; children were cheaper and easier to control. At that time, the government didn t establish a minimum age, wage, or working hours. Children of all agesRead MoreTreatment towards Migrant Workers1241 Words   |  5 PagesTreatment towards Migrant Workers Within In the novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens and the novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck both express a theme of vulgar treatment toward migrant workers’ and even towards anyone who was different and did not fit into their society. Both of novels tell great stories of disasters that have happened during the course of history. Throughout history, humans have been victimized by poverty. Poverty always turns up after a life changing event occurs. Events

Media..Its Social Responsibility and Ethics - 1866 Words

Author: Sonia Naik Designation: Student Email ID: son_angel1120@yahoo.co.in Contact no: 08861297419 ABSTRACT This paper analyses the need of ethics in the media today. It tries to explore how the media is being politically and financially driven and how the media forgets its responsibility towards society in its race to get high TRPs. The paper brings out the ethical questions raised in different fields of the media. It also highlights how the media moves away from its primary role, how important are ethics in media, how do media maintain their ethics and what happens when media stops focusing on ethics and its social responsibility. Through this paper I wish to make each individual aware of the role each of us plays in the media.†¦show more content†¦Moreover, it seems to be going backward and not forward. The amount of skin exposure and the foul language used has now become a major concern. It raises ethical questions as to what effects it has on the young minds. The youth want to be exactly what they see in the cinema. And the obscenity shown affects the young and tender minds f aster that it affects anyone else. The cinema now only focuses on sensationalism. And the matters films deal with, are far-fetched and not at all connected to reality. The question is, where do we draw the line? For how long can films manipulate the truth? The cinema needs to be ethical so that it can inspire change. But if you look at it now, the state is quite contradictory. 3) ETHICS IN REALITY TELEVISION The media has done an amazing job in making us question reality. The number of reality shows on television has increased tremendously in the last few years. Shows like Emotional Atyachar, Sach ka Samna, Rakhi ka Insaaf etc. have captured the attention of the public. Shows like Big Boss follow formats that make the viewer believe that everything that they see on the screen is real. But the truth is that most if not all of the reality shows on television today are all staged. The people taking part in these shows are in fact paid to act in a particular way. And as the audience we fall forShow MoreRelatedMedia Ethics, The Authoritarian Theory And Social Responsibility Theory Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthe media and its responsibilities, in this paper I am going to have a debate about the responsibilities of the media to the public and how we should be watchful of the information we taking part in. There is two main theories in media ethics, the authoritarian theory and Social responsibility theory. The authoritarian theory press was seen as a very controlling tool, and those in authority used it to convey only that information that they wanted the public to know. Social responsibility theoryRead MoreThe Media and Its Responsibilities Essays1688 Words   |  7 Pagesliberties includes duties and responsibilities. The media is an integral part of everyday life and has become a leading player and influence of our society and it have an outcome on our nations’ future, viewpoint, and the globe’s view of us. The media are responsible for mainstream America ideals and the familiarity of the image based on the impact from the media. The media are fundamental of social influence and political decisions. The media have turned the average personRead MoreTheories Of The Social Responsibility Theory863 Words   |  4 PagesMany theories that are postmodern theories are related to reality in mediated communication than most of the modern global theories. According to Kamalipour (2006), â€Å"One of the earliest attempts to think about media internationally was a book published in the 1950s entitled Four Theories of the Press (Siebert, Peterson, Schramm, 1956). Its authors set out to create what is sometimes called a taxonomy, which means dividing up all the various versions and aspects of a topic into systemic categoriesRead MoreSocial Responsibility And The Free Enterprise System1186 Words   |  5 Pages Social Responsibility is what we practice here in America, or at least what we attempt to practice. Social Responsibility works by providing for private ownership of mass media in trade for responsible use of that media. In some countries, people do not have the freedom of speech rights like we do. We have a free market place of ideas that coincides with capitalism and the free-enterprise system. It is tied to a form of government that is based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The FirstRead MoreSexual Crimes Committed Against Wsv Victims764 Words   |  4 PagesThe public display of sexual crimes committed against WSV victims has yet another aspect to compound the consequences of their rape and captivity. The associated media articles, almost always very detailed in nature, arouse issues in regards to the cultural notions of honor. In honor-based societies, such as the Yezidi community and many communities in Nigeria, women and girls carry a heavy burden of upholding the honor of the family, clan and tribe. One way in which honor is lost is through sexualRead More Business Ethics Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages According to Wikipedia, ethics, also known as â€Å"moral philosophy†, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality. Concepts such as good and bad, noble, right and wrong, justice and virtue. To business, ethics is a tool to examine principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Theref ore, business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. Ethics is a part of the larger social ethics, and also always affect business development.Read MoreThe Codes Of Ethics Of The American Counseling Association1667 Words   |  7 PagesComparison Professional associations establish codes of ethics to ensure that clinicians uphold the standards of their association in order to protect the clients they serve and the profession they are affiliated with. This paper will compare the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA), American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and National Association of Social Workers (NASW). ACA Code of Ethics The ACA is an educational, scientific, and professionalRead MoreThe Importance Of Corporate Social Responsibility1189 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility has become one the highly debated issues in the corporate and social sciences world. Nowadays, the most successful companies have the most effective CSR strategies. Starry is the trending startups company of 2017 in the USA because of its innovative idea. It is providing high-speed internet in the USA up to GB/s with the latest technology. Its the companys responsibility to provide this high-speed broadband service to remote areasRead MoreThe Ethical Responsibilities Of Journalists962 Words   |  4 Pagesethical responsibilities when they are dealing with social media outlets. Before reading the articles, my belief was that journalists should rethink their ethical responsibilities when it comes to using content from social media in their news feeds without consent, because if journalists are using someone s post without their consent then they lose the trust the public has with them. However after reading both the articles, the only way journalists c an keep their ethical responsibilities is if theyRead MoreWhat Does A Public Relations Agency Do?1375 Words   |  6 Pageswritten by Robert Wynne entitled â€Å"What Does a Public Relations Agency Do?† http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwynne/2013/04/10/what-does-a-public-relations-agency-do/ What was learned: To explicitly define what PR agencies do, Wynne compared the responsibilities of advertising agencies to PR agencies. Wynne began his article stating examples of jobs or procedures that PR agencies are not responsible for, such as putting up billboards or writing stories for reporters. This helped to create a better understanding

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO Free Essays

ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE. The siege and the final assault on the Alamo in 1836 constitute the most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. The battle was conspicuous for the large number of illustrious personalities among its combatants. We will write a custom essay sample on BATTLE OF THE ALAMO or any similar topic only for you Order Now These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, entrepreneur-adventurer James Bowie, and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Although not nationally famous at the time, William Barret Travis achieved lasting distinction as commander at the Alamo. For many Americans and most Texans, the battle has become a symbol of patriotic sacrifice. Traditional popular depictions, including novels, stage plays, and motion pictures, emphasize legendary aspects that often obscure the historical event. To understand the real battle, one must appreciate its strategic context in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835 a Federalist army of Texan (or Texian, as they were called) immigrants, American volunteers, and their Tejano allies had captured the town from a Centralist force during the siege of Bexar. With that victory, a majority of the Texan volunteers of the â€Å"Army of the People† left service and returned to their families. Nevertheless, many officials of the provisional government feared the Centralists would mount a spring offensive. Two main roads led into Texas from the Mexican interior. The first was the Atascosito Road, which stretched from Matamoros on the Rio Grande northward through San Patricio, Goliad, Victoria, and finally into the heart of Austin’s colony. The second was the Old San Antonio Road, a camino real that crossed the Rio Grande at Paso de Francia (the San Antonio Crossing) and wound northeastward through San Antonio de Bexar, Bastrop, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and across the Sabine River into Louisiana. Two forts blocked these approaches into Texas: Presidio La Bahia (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio) at Goliad and the Alamo at San Antonio. Each installation functioned as a frontier picket guard, ready to alert the Texas settlements of an enemy advance. James Clinton Neill received command of the Bexar garrison. Some ninety miles to the southeast, James Walker Fannin, Jr. , subsequently took command at Goliad. Most Texan settlers had returned to the comforts of home and hearth. Consequently, newly arrived American volunteers-some of whom counted their time in Texas by the week-constituted a majority of the troops at Goliad and Bexar. Both Neill and Fannin determined to stall the Centralists on the frontier. Still, they labored under no delusions. Without speedy reinforcements, neither the Alamo nor Presidio La Bahia could long withstand a siege. At Bexar were some twenty-one artillery pieces of various caliber. Because of his artillery experience and his regular army commission, Neill was a logical choice to command. Throughout January he did his best to fortify the mission fort on the outskirts of town. Maj. Green B. Jameson, chief engineer at the Alamo, installed most of the cannons on the walls. Jameson boasted to Gen. Sam Houston that if the Centralists stormed the Alamo, the defenders could â€Å"whip 10 to 1 with our artillery. † Such predictions proved excessively optimistic. Far from the bulk of Texas settlements, the Bexar garrison suffered from a lack of even basic provender. On January 14 Neill wrote Houston that his people were in a â€Å"torpid, defenseless condition. † That day he dispatched a grim message to the provisional government: â€Å"Unless we are reinforced and victualled, we must become an easy prey to the enemy, in case of an attack. â€Å" How to cite BATTLE OF THE ALAMO, Papers

The Hundred Years War Was A Long, Complicated War With Essays

The Hundred Years War was a long, complicated war with it's roots in political struggles, the want of Kings and the people of their nations to expand territory, and to take territory that they believe is theirs. This war lasted more than a century, from 1337-1453, and was a actually a series of wars broken only temporarily by treaties doomed to fail. The English king controlled much of France, particularly in the fertile South. These lands had come under control of the English when Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress to the region, married King Henry II of England in the mid-12th century. There was constant bickering along the French-English frontier, and the French kings always had to fear an English invasion from the South. Between Flanders in the North and the English in the South, they were caught in between the two English colonies. The French responded by doing the same to the English. They allied with the Scots in an arrangement that persisted well into the 18th century. Thus the English faced the French from the south and the Scots from the north. The French trap would only work if the French could invade England across the English Channel. Besides, England could support their Flemish allies only if they could send aid across the North Sea, and, moreover, English trade was dependent upon the free flow of naval traffic through the Channel. Consequently, the French continually tried to gain the upper hand at sea, and the English constantly resisted them. Both sides commissioned what would have been pirates if they had not been operating with royal permission to prey upon each other's shipping, and there were frequent naval clashes in those constricted waters. The last son of King Philip IV, the fair, died in 1328, and the direct male line of the Capetians finally ended after almost 350 years. Philip had had a daughter, however. This daughter, Isabelle, had married King Edward II of England, but her and a group of barons had murdered him, because they thought he was incompetent. So, Edward III their son was declared king of England. He was therefore Philip's grandson and successor in a direct line through Philip's daughter. The French could not tolerate the idea that Edward might become King of France, and French lawyers brought up some old Salic Laws, which stated that property, including the throne, could not descend through a female. The French then gave the crown to Philip of Valois, a nephew of Philip IV. Nevertheless, Edward III had a valid claim to the throne of France if he wished to pursue it. Although France was the most populous country in Western Europe and also the wealthiest, England had a strong central government, many veterans of hard fighting on England's Welsh and Scottish borders, as well as in Ireland, a thriving economy, and a popular king. Edward was disposed to fight France, and his subjects were more than ready to support their young king who was only 18 years old at the time . Also many went to "loot and pillage the fair and plenteous land of France."1 The war truly started in 1340. The French had assembled a great fleet to support an army with which they intended to crush all resistance in Flanders. When the ships had anchored in a dense pack at Sluys in modern Netherlands, the English attacked and destroyed it with fire ships and victory in a battle fought across the anchored ships, almost like a land battle on a wooden battlefield. The English now had control of the Channel and North Sea. They were safe from French invasion, could attack France at will, and could expect that the war would be fought on French soil and thus at French expense. "A three year truce was signed by England and France in 1343, but in 1345 Edward again invaded northern France1." The Black Death had arrived, and his army was weakened by sickness. As the English force tried to make its way safely to fortified Channel port, the French attempted to force them into a battle. The English were finally pinned against the coast by a much superior French army at a place called Crecy. Edward's army was a combined force: archers, pikemen, light infantry, and cavalry; the French, by contrast, clung to their old-fashioned feudal cavalry and used the powerful, but slow firing crossbow. The English had archers using the longbow, a weapon with great penetrating power that could sometimes kill armored knights, and often the horses on which they rode. Also, the longbow could fire three of its arrows to the crossbow's one